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She also set the standards of behavior for the other gods as well as for human beings. She was responsible for judging the souls of the dead. Ma’at was personified as a goddess who was responsible for regulating the behavior of the natural universe. For that reason, the Egyptians developed the concept of Ma’at, which embraced the concepts of law, order, justice, and harmony. She prevented the universe from returning to chaos, and she judged the souls of the dead.Īncient Egypt was a great civilization that developed along the banks of the Nile River. Egypt’s prosperity depended on the predictability of the Nile and the orderly and harmonious behavior of its citizenry. Ma’at was the ancient Egyptian goddess who represented truth, justice, order, and harmony. In other words, the society’s rulers needed to popularize the abstract concepts of truth and justice, and the related concepts of sin and virtue. Since the police power of the state was limited, the civilization’s rulers needed ordinary people to accept abstract concepts of good and evil, so that ordinary people would behave like civilized people. Civilizations also needed laws that would help to regulate how strangers treated each other. In particular, civilizations needed engineers who could control the flow of water through and around cities. One is to dominate the natural environment. The cultural elite serves two practical purposes. A civilization is a large, complex society with a cultural elite. The concept of sin is a product of civilization. They also developed informal rules, such as customs, that helped to regulate social relationships among virtual strangers.
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For this purpose, societies developed laws that were enforced by the powerful people within society. Yet as human societies grew in scale, they needed to find ways to persuade people to get along with strangers.
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If you saw a stranger in your territory, you might try to kill him before he killed you. As a result, social relationships were negotiated face-to-face. The people in these bands spent virtually all of their lives among people they had known all of their lives. 2553).Throughout most of human existence, most people lived in small, scattered family-based groups called bands. ‘Through the devil’s envy death entered the world’” (No. Envy: sadness or desire for the possessions, happiness, talents or abilities of another “Envy can lead to the worst crimes. “Anger is a desire for revenge … The Lord says, ‘Everyone who is angry with his brother shall be liable to judgment’” (No. Anger or wrath: uncontrolled feelings of hatred or rage. “Acedia or spiritual sloth goes so far as to refuse the joy that comes from God and to be repelled by divine goodness” (No. Sloth (or Acedia): physical laziness, also disinterest in spiritual matters or neglecting spiritual growth. “Sin … is a failure in genuine love for God and neighbor caused by a perverse attachment to certain goods” (No. Greed: the desire for and love of possessions. “The virtue of temperance disposes us to avoid every kind of excess: the abuse of food, alcohol, tobacco or medicine” (No. Gluttony: overconsumption, usually of food or drink. “The God of promises always warned man against seduction by what from the beginning has seemed ‘good for food … a delight to the eyes … to be desired to make one wise’” (No. Lust: an intense desire, usually for sexual pleasure, but also for money, power or fame. “Respect for the human person proceeds by way of respect for the principle that ‘everyone should look upon his neighbor (without exception) as “another self,” above all bearing in mind his life and the means necessary for living it with dignity’” (No. Pride: an excessive love of self or the desire to be better or more important than others. They are pride, avarice, envy, wrath, lust, gluttony and sloth” (No. They are called “capital” because they engender other sins, other vices. “Vices can be classified according to the virtues they oppose, or also be linked to capital sins which Christian experience has distinguished, following St. The Catechism of the Catholic Church also refers to these sins as “capital sins” and explains why they are the most dangerous.